[ Team LiB ] Previous Section Next Section

13.1 Printing with the Java 1.1 API

Example 13-1 is a Swing component that displays a fractal image known as a "Julia set," pictured in Figure 13-1. The image is fascinating, and the mathematics interesting, but the real point of the example is the print( ) method, which demonstrates how to print the Julia set using the Java 1.1 API and the Java 1.3 extensions to that API. The print( ) code is straightforward: it sets some default attribute values, then displays a dialog box to the user, to allow him to modify those attributes or cancel the print request. The dialog box returns a PrintJob object. The print( ) method then obtains a Graphics object from the PrintJob. Next, it draws the Julia set to this Graphics object and, finally, calls the Graphics.dispose( ) method to tell the printer that printing is done. These basic steps are repeated in the next two examples as well: when studying the examples of the Java 1.2 and Java 1.4 APIs, look for the code that sets attributes, displays a dialog, and obtains the Graphics object.

Figure 13-1. A Julia set printed with the Java 1.1 API
figs/Jex3_1301.gif

Example 13-1 does not include a main( ) method. To display the component, use the ShowBean program from Chapter 11, and then use the Commands menu to test the print( ) method:

java je3.gui.ShowBean je3.print.JuliaSet1
Example 13-1. JuliaSet1.java
package je3.print;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.*;

/**
 * This class is a Swing component that computes and displays a fractal image
 * known as a "Julia set".  The print( ) method demonstrates printing with the
 * Java 1.1 printing API, and is the main point of the example.  The code
 * that computes the Julia set uses complex numbers, and you don't need to 
 * understand it.
 **/
public class JuliaSet1 extends JComponent {
    // These constants are hard-coded for simplicity
    double x1=-1.5, y1=-1.5, x2=1.5, y2=1.5;  // Region of complex plane 
    int width = 400, height = 400;            // Mapped to these pixels
    double cx, cy;  // This complex constant defines the set we display
    BufferedImage image; // The image we compute
    
    // We compute values between 0 and 63 for each point in the complex plane.
    // This array holds the color values for each of those values.
    static int[  ] colors;
    static {  // Static initializer for the colors[  ] array.
        colors = new int[64];  
        for(int i = 0; i < colors.length; i++) {
            colors[63-i] = (i*4 << 16) + (i*4 << 8) + i*4; // grayscale
            // (i*4) ^ ((i * 3)<<6) ^ ((i * 7)<<13); // crazy technicolor
        }
    }

    // No-arg constructor with default values for cx, cy.
    public JuliaSet1( ) { this(-1, 0); }

    // This constructor specifies the {cx,cy} constant.
    // For simplicity, the other constants remain hardcoded.
    public JuliaSet1(double cx, double cy) {
        this.cx = cx;
        this.cy = cy;
        setPreferredSize(new Dimension(width, height));
        computeImage( );
    }

    
    // This method computes a color value for each pixel of the image
    void computeImage( ) {
        // Create the image
        image = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);

        // Now loop through the pixels
        int i,j;
        double x, y;
        double dx = (x2 - x1)/width;
        double dy = (y2 - y1)/height;
        for(j = 0, y = y1; j < height; j++, y += dy) {
            for(i = 0, x = x1; i < width; i++, x += dx) {
                // For each pixel, call testPoint( ) to determine a value.
                // Then map that value to a color and set it in the image.
                // If testPoint( ) returns 0, the point is part of the Julia set
                // and is displayed in black.  If it returns 63, the point is
                // displayed in white.  Values in-between are displayed in 
                // varying shades of gray.
                image.setRGB(i, j, colors[testPoint(x,y)]);
            }
        }
    }

    // This is the key method for computing Julia sets.  For each point z
    // in the complex plane, we repeatedly compute z = z*z + c using complex
    // arithmetic.  We stop iterating when the magnitude of z exceeds 2 or
    // after 64 iterations.  We return the number of iterations-1.
    public int testPoint(double zx, double zy) {
        for(int i = 0; i < colors.length; i++) {
            // Compute z = z*z + c;
            double newx = zx*zx - zy*zy + cx;
            double newy = 2*zx*zy + cy;
            zx = newx;
            zy = newy;
            // Check magnitude of z and return iteration number
            if (zx*zx + zy*zy > 4) return i;
        }
        return colors.length-1;
    }

    // This method overrides JComponent to display the Julia set.
    // Just scale the image to fit and draw it.
    public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
        g.drawImage(image,0,0,getWidth( ), getHeight( ),this);
    }

    // This method demonstrates the Java 1.1 java.awt.PrintJob printing API.
    // It also demonstrates the JobAttributes and PageAttributes classes
    // added in Java 1.3.  Display the Julia set with ShowBean and use
    // the Command menu to invoke this print command.
    public void print( ) {
        // Create some attributes objects.  This is Java 1.3 stuff.
        // In Java 1.1, we'd use a java.util.Preferences object instead.
        JobAttributes jattrs = new JobAttributes( );
        PageAttributes pattrs = new PageAttributes( );

        // Set some example attributes: monochrome, landscape mode
        pattrs.setColor(PageAttributes.ColorType.MONOCHROME);
        pattrs.setOrientationRequested(
                            PageAttributes.OrientationRequestedType.LANDSCAPE);
        // Print to file by default
        jattrs.setDestination(JobAttributes.DestinationType.FILE);
        jattrs.setFileName("juliaset.ps");

        // Look up the Frame that holds this component
        Component frame = this;
        while(!(frame instanceof Frame)) frame = frame.getParent( );

        // Get a PrintJob object to print the Julia set with.
        // The getPrintJob( ) method displays a print dialog and allows the user
        // to override and modify the default JobAttributes and PageAttributes
        Toolkit toolkit = this.getToolkit( );
        PrintJob job = toolkit.getPrintJob((Frame)frame, "JuliaSet1",
                                           jattrs, pattrs);
        
        // We get a null PrintJob if the user clicked cancel
        if (job == null) return;

        // Get a Graphics object from the PrintJob.
        // We print simply by drawing to this Graphics object.
        Graphics g = job.getGraphics( );

        // Center the image on the page
        Dimension pagesize = job.getPageDimension( );    // how big is page?
        Dimension panesize = this.getSize( );            // how big is image?
        g.translate((pagesize.width-panesize.width)/2,  // center it
                    (pagesize.height-panesize.height)/2);

        // Draw a box around the Julia set and label it
        g.drawRect(-1, -1, panesize.width+2, panesize.height+2);
        g.drawString("Julia Set for c={" + cx + "," + cy + "}",
                     0, -15);

        // Set a clipping region
        g.setClip(0, 0, panesize.width, panesize.height);

        // Now print the component by calling its paint method
        this.paint(g);

        // Finally tell the printer we're done with the page.
        // No output will be generated if we don't call dispose( ) here.
        g.dispose( );
    }
}
    [ Team LiB ] Previous Section Next Section